Human Gene ACE2 (ENST00000252519.8) from GENCODE V43
Description: Carboxypeptidase which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9, a peptide of unknown function, and angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, a vasodilator. Also able to hydrolyze apelin- 13 and dynorphin-13 with high efficiency. May be an important regulator of heart function. In case of human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV-NL63 infections, serve as functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of both coronaviruses. (from UniProt Q9BYF1) RefSeq Summary (NM_001371415): The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2020]. Gencode Transcript: ENST00000252519.8 Gencode Gene: ENSG00000130234.13 Transcript (Including UTRs) Position: hg38 chrX:15,561,033-15,600,960 Size: 39,928 Total Exon Count: 18 Strand: - Coding Region Position: hg38 chrX:15,561,905-15,600,911 Size: 39,007 Coding Exon Count: 18
ID:ACE2_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; EC=3.4.17.23; AltName: Full=ACE-related carboxypeptidase; AltName: Full=Angiotensin-converting enzyme homolog; Short=ACEH; AltName: Full=Metalloprotease MPROT15; Contains: RecName: Full=Processed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Flags: Precursor; FUNCTION: Carboxypeptidase which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9, a peptide of unknown function, and angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, a vasodilator. Also able to hydrolyze apelin- 13 and dynorphin-13 with high efficiency. May be an important regulator of heart function. In case of human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV-NL63 infections, serve as functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of both coronaviruses. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Angiotensin II + H(2)O = angiotensin-(1-7) + L-phenylalanine. COFACTOR: Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. COFACTOR: Binds 1 chloride ion per subunit. ENZYME REGULATION: Activated by chloride and fluoride, but not bromide. Inhibited by MLN-4760, cFP_Leu, and EDTA, but not by the ACE inhibitors linosipril, captopril and enalaprilat. BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES: Kinetic parameters: KM=6.9 uM for angiotensin I; KM=2 uM for angiotensin II; KM=6.8 uM for apelin-13; KM=5.5 uM for dynorphin-13; pH dependence: Optimum pH is 6.5 in the presence of 1 M NaCl. Active from pH 6 to 9; SUBUNIT: Interacts with ITGB1. Interacts with SARS-CoV and HCoV- NL63 spike glycoprotein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Processed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: Secreted. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in endothelial cells from small and large arteries, and in arterial smooth muscle cells. Expressed in lung alveolar epithelial cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells (at protein level). Expressed in heart, kidney, testis, and gastrointestinal system. INDUCTION: Up-regulated in failing heart. PTM: N-glycosylation on Asn-90 may limit SARS infectivity. PTM: Proteolytic cleavage by ADAM17 generates a secreted form. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase M2 family. WEB RESOURCE: Name=SeattleSNPs; URL="http://pga.gs.washington.edu/data/ace2/";
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on Q9BYF1
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Biological Process: GO:0001817 regulation of cytokine production GO:0002003 angiotensin maturation GO:0003051 angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior GO:0003081 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin GO:0006508 proteolysis GO:0015827 tryptophan transport GO:0016032 viral process GO:0019229 regulation of vasoconstriction GO:0032800 receptor biosynthetic process GO:0042127 regulation of cell proliferation GO:0046718 viral entry into host cell GO:0046813 receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell GO:0050727 regulation of inflammatory response GO:0051957 positive regulation of amino acid transport GO:0060452 positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction GO:0097746 regulation of blood vessel diameter GO:1903598 positive regulation of gap junction assembly GO:1903779 regulation of cardiac conduction GO:2000379 positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
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